Uhlu lwamagama esilingo somtholampilo

Iyasebenza, ayiqashi

Ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kuyenzeka, kodwa abacwaningi abafuni ababambiqhaza abengeziwe ngalesi sikhathi.

Isehlakalo esibi

Inkinga yezokwelashwa eyenzeka noma ibe yimbi kakhulu phakathi nokuhlolwa komtholampilo noma esikhathini esithile ngemva kokuphela kocwaningo. Isigameko esibi singadalwa noma singadalwa yimpatho yophenyo umuntu ayithathile.

Isilingo somtholampilo (noma isifundo socwaningo)

Ukuhlolwa komtholampilo wucwaningo locwaningo oluklanyelwe ukufunda ukuthi imizimba yethu isabela kanjani emithini yophenyo noma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zophenyo. Phakathi nokuhlolwa komtholampilo, ababambiqhaza babelwa ukuthola ukwelashwa noma ngezinye izikhathi, akukho ukwelashwa. Inhloso yocwaningo ngokuvamile iwukuthola izindlela zokuvimbela, ukuxilonga, noma ukwelapha isifo noma esinye isimo sezempilo.

Izigaba zesilingo somtholampilo

Noma yikuphi ukwelashwa (umgomo, umuthi, idivayisi yezokwelapha, noma inqubo) kufanele kudlule izigaba ezi-3 zokuhlolwa komtholampilo. Isigaba ngasinye sihlola ukuphepha kokwelashwa, ukuthi kusebenza kahle kangakanani, inani (umthamo), kanye nemiphumela engemihle.

Isimo

Isifo, ukuphazamiseka, i-syndrome, ukugula, noma ukulimala abacwaningi abakufundayo.

Isilingo esilawulwayo

Uhlobo lokuhlolwa komtholampilo oluqhathanisa ukwelashwa okukodwa nokunye ukwelashwa. Ngokuvamile, ukwelashwa okusha kophenyo kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa okujwayelekile noma okujwayelekile (okuthiwa ukulawula). Ukulawula kungase kube iqembu labahlanganyeli esivivinyweni esifanayo noma iqembu labahlanganyeli abavela esivivinyweni sangaphambili noma ucwaningo.

Imibandela yokufaneleka

Izidingo zesilingo somtholampilo kubantu abafuna ukujoyina. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imibandela yokufakwa (izici ezivumela umuntu ukuthi ajoyine isilingo) kanye nemibandela yokukhishwa (izici ezivimbela umuntu ekujoyineni isilingo). Isibonelo, isilingo singamukela kuphela ababambiqhaza abangaphezulu noma abangaphansi kweminyaka ethile.

Ukubhalisa

Inani labahlanganyeli esivivinyweni somtholampilo. “Ukubhaliswa okulinganiselwe” yinani labahlanganyeli abacwaningi abadingayo ocwaningweni.

Imibandela yokukhishwa

Izinto (noma izizathu) ezivimbela umuntu ukuthi ajoyine isilingo somtholampilo.

Ukufinyelela okunwetshiwe

Inqubo elawulwa ama-ejensi alawulayo evumela izinkampani zemithi ukuthi zinikeze ukwelashwa okusha kophenyo (ngaphambi kokuba kugunyazwe) ezigulini ezinezifo ezimbi kakhulu noma izimo ezingakwazi ukuba nengxenye esivivinyweni somtholampilo.

Imibandela yokufaka

Izinto (noma izizathu) ezivumela umuntu ukuthi ajoyine isilingo somtholampilo.

Imvume enolwazi

Imvume enolwazi inqubo lapho abacwaningi bekhuluma khona nabantu abacabanga ngokubhalisa, noma ababhalise, ocwaningweni lomtholampilo. Bazokucela ukuthi ufunde ifomu lemvume enolwazi (i-ICF) elichaza izinzuzo nezingozi ezingaba khona. Ikutshela ukuthi ukubamba iqhaza ekuqulweni kwecala kungukuzithandela, futhi ungashiya icala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.

Umgomo wenqubo yemvume enolwazi ukuvikela ababambiqhaza ababhalisa ezivivinyweni zomtholampilo. Inqubo yokuvuma ukwaziswa iqala lapho okungenzeka umhlanganyeli eqala ngokucela ulwazi mayelana nesilingo futhi iqhubeke kuze kube ukuphela kwesivivinyo.

Ifomu lemvume enolwazi (ICF)

Idokhumenti esetshenziswe ohlelweni lwemvume enolwazi.

Imithi yophenyo

Umuthi noma umkhiqizo webhayoloji osetshenziswa esivivinyweni somtholampilo kodwa ongakagunyazwa iziphathimandla zezempilo (umuthi kungenzeka awutholakali ukuze unqunywe udokotela noma uyatholakala kodwa awugunyazwanga isiphathimandla sezempilo ukuze usetshenziswe ocwaningwayo).

Ikomiti elizimele le-Ethics (IEC)

I-IEC yikomiti lodokotela, izazi zezibalo, abagqugquzeli bomphakathi, nabanye elisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kwenziwa ngendlela yokuziphatha kanye nokuthi amalungelo abahlanganyeli bocwaningo avikelekile. Zonke izikhungo ezenza noma ezisekela ucwaningo lwe-biomedical olubandakanya abantu kufanele, ngomthethonqubo, zibe ne-IEC eqale ivume futhi ibuyekeze ucwaningo ngezikhathi ezithile.

Vula izifundo

Izifundo ezibhalisa ababambiqhaza manje noma esikhathini esizayo, noma ezibandakanya izidakamizwa ezitholakalayo ukuze zifinyeleleke (zingasetshenziswa iziguli ezithile ngaphambi kokugunyazwa yi-ejensi elawulayo).

I-Placebo

Into ebukekayo engenawo umuthi osebenzayo noma ukwelashwa. I-placebo yenziwa ukuthi ibukeke, inambithe, futhi inikezwe njengomuthi wangempela ocutshungulwayo.

Iphrothokholi

Incazelo ebhaliwe yokuhlolwa komtholampilo. Kubandakanya imigomo yocwaningo, idizayini, nezindlela. Ingase futhi ihlanganise idatha nolwazi lwasemuva oluhlobene nesayensi.

Umxhasi

Inhlangano noma umuntu oqala ukuqulwa kwecala, uyalikhokhela, futhi unegunya nokulawula phezu kwalo.

Imigomo

Ukwelashwa okusiza ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikeleka ezifweni ezithile, ngokuvamile okunikezwa njengokudutshulwa.